Web Developer Job Description, Salary, and Skills

Web Developer Job Description, Salary, and Skills



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BY ALISON DOYLE

 

Updated June 18, 2018

Are you interested in a job as a web developer? If you love web design and development, enjoy working independently, and are willing to work at home, your job prospects are rosy; the Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that industry demand is anticipated to increase 15% by 2026. A few other “pluses”- many entry-level jobs only require an Associate’s degree, most web developers enjoy the freedom and work / life balance of being self-employed, and the median salary for web developers was $32.69 an hour ($67,990 a year) in 2017.

Here's information about web development, including a job overview, education requirements, skills, and additional salary information. 

Web Developer Job Description

Web developers build and shape a visitor’s experience at a website. They do this through the creation of page layouts (headings and paragraphs), website styling (colors and fonts), and page features (animations and pictures).

Web developers work closely with project managers and designers to ensure the final product adheres to the predetermined budget, scope, and design. While a Bachelor’s Degree in computer science is not required for many positions, numerous years of hands-on experience coding both websites and web applications is strongly desired.

Along with strong technical skills, front-end web developers must have excellent written and oral communication skills, a solid grasp of graphic design, and exceptional time management capabilities.

They must be able to troubleshoot issues quickly and to stay up-to-date on current and emerging technologies, standards, and trends.

Through the use of code, such as HTML or JavaScript, web developers bring a website or web application to life. Continued testing, maintenance, and updates are handled by the web developer throughout the lifecycle of the website.

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Web developers work for a variety of employers in the government, non-profit, and corporate sectors. However, many also work independently on a contract basis or for web development firms. While many web developer jobs can be performed within a telecommuting setting, those who prefer a traditional workplace will find the most opportunities in the states of Washington, California, New York, Texas, and Florida. The top-paying states for web developers in 2017 were Washington, the District of Columbia, California, New York, and Virginia

Education and Training

Education requirements can vary anywhere from a high school degree to a bachelor's degree, and are dependent upon the job and employer requirements. However, a bachelor's degree is typically required for advancement to a project manager role or for back-end development positions. 

Web Developer Salaries

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, web developers earned an average salary of $67,990 in 2017. The bottom 10% of web developers earned an average annual salary of $ 36,830, while the top 10% earned at least $ 122,320.

Web Developer Skills

Here's a list of front-end web developer skills for resumes, cover letters, job applications, and interviews.

 

Technical Skills: Employers often emphasize the following top technical skills on their job advertisements for web developers.

Actively Seek New Programming Knowledge

Build Products Using HTML/CSS/JS and Other Front-End Technologies





Code and Deploy Applications in a Cross-Platform, Cross-Browser Environment





Document Project Build and Maintenance





Experience Building User Interfaces and Prototypes from Wireframes and Designs





Familiar with Development and Debugging Tools for Cross-Browser Issues





Follow and Implement Industry Accepted Best Practices and Tools





Solid Understanding of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)





Update Current Websites to Meet Modern Web Standards





Write and Maintain Web Applications

Tools / Software Programs / Platforms: While many of these programs, tools, and platforms can be self-taught, you’ll gain a slight advantage over other job candidates if you’ve pursued formal training and obtained certification in their elements and use.

Certification providers include Microsoft (MTA and MCSD), Amazon Web Services (AWS Certified Developer), and Oracle (APEX, OCP, OCM, OCE).

Experience with Git and Github

Experience with Photoshop





Familiar with Social Media and Third Party APIs





Knowledgeable of REST-Based APIs





Knowledgeable of Web Application Development Frameworks





Proficient with Javascript





Solid Understanding of HTML5/CSS3, jQuery, and Responsive Design





UI / UX





WordPress, Theming, and Module Development Experience

 

“Soft” Skills: “Soft” skills are the interpersonal/ “people” skills, personality traits, and work habits that enable people to work productively, both independently and in team environments.  

Detail-Oriented

Handle Frequent Feedback





Keen Attention to Details





Manage and Prioritize Multiple Projects





Self-Starter Attitude





Strong Problem Solver





Thrive in a Team Environment





Troubleshoot and Communicate Effectively





Work Well Under Pressure



 https://www.thebalancecareers.com/web-developer-job-description-salary-and-skills-2061841 

Architect Skills List and Examples

Architect Skills List and Examples



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BY ALISON DOYLE

 

Updated May 02, 2018

Architects design buildings and other structures, inside and out, carefully considering engineering, function, and aesthetics. While architecture is an art, it is unlike most other arts in that it's both public and durable. Rather than being enjoyed only by its owner, or by museum goers, like a painting, well-designed structures can enrich public life for decades, sometimes centuries.

Because buildings must be safe and functional, the entry requirements to the field of architecture are very high. You must have both a masters’ degree or better in architecture and state licensure in order to practice. Besides coursework, you must also complete an extended internship under the supervision of an architect. With a relevant associates’ or bachelors’ degree, you can still work in the field as a draftsman, and doing so may be a good way to make sure you enjoy the field before committing several more years of study.

Before you're in a position to apply for a job as an architect, you will, therefore, have thoroughly familiarized yourself with the skills required for this type of career, simply by going through your training. But you can still use a skills list like ours to get a sense of whether the path to architecture is something you might want to embark on.

Examples of Architect Skills 

The following list is not exhaustive, but does include some of the most important requirements for success in the field.

Engineering and Math

To design safe and functional buildings, you must be thoroughly familiar with the strengths, weaknesses, and other properties of various materials and with how different structures perform under load and pressure. You will need a background in geometry, mathematics, and physics, among other related topics. Remember that you may find yourself having to innovate to meet challenges, such as designing earthquake-proof structures or energy-efficient, sustainable structures. You will not be able to rely only on solutions that others have tried and tested before.

Design Skills

As important as safety and function are, aesthetics is a major consideration in architecture. You must be familiar with the history of architecture as an art and familiar with various artistic movements within the field, and you must also be in touch with your own creativity. Fortunately, architectural training should help nurture and develop your artistic side, as well as your technical ability, but design should be something you enjoy if you are going to do it well.

Computer Literacy

The actual drawing up of plans is done on computers these days, as are simulations, artistic renderings, and much of the rest of the visual output of the field. You will need to develop agility with various architectural drafting software.

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Knowledge of Building Laws and Codes

Laws and local codes have much to say about what can be built, where, and how. Some of these regulations pertain directly to the architect’s work, such as codes that specify the number and size of windows for various building types as part of fire safety, for example. Some laws prohibit building on certain cites, like in wetlands or flood zones. Some regulations do not directly involve the architect, but all your work will be for nothing if you don’t notice certain problems and address them.

Communication Skills

Of course, architects must work closely with clients, engineers, construction personnel, and sometimes other stakeholders in a project. To complete a design successfully and see a project to completion, an architect must understand what all these people are saying and communicate with them clearly in turn. No architect can build a structure alone.

Business Knowledge

As with any other art, being successful as an architect also requires a head for business. You will need to market your services and make your name as a professional if you want other people to build your buildings.

Architect Skills List

Abstraction





Analysis





Architectural Codes





Architectural Rendering





AutoCAD





Budgeting





Building Codes





Building Construction





Building Systems





Calculations





Client Relations





Collaboration





Communication





Computer Aided Design (CAD)





Computer Processing





Conceptualization





Construction Administration





Construction Documents





Coordination





Corporate





Creative Thinking





Critical Thinking





Critical Assessment





Design





Design Concepts





Design to Delivery





Development





Documents





Drafting





Drawing





Estimating





Finance





Imagination





Industrial Design





Innovation





Installation





Integration





Interpersonal





Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED)





Legal





Management





Mathematics





Model Making





New Construction





Planning





Plans





Preservation





Problem Solving





Production





Project Management





Rehabilitation





Renovation





Research





Residential





Retail





Revit





Sawing





Scheduling





Seeing Big Picture Results





Slicing





Software





Solving Complex Problems





Sustainable Design





Specifications





Technical Vision





Visualize





Writing





Zoning Codes



Codes

Your knowledge of codes and ability to interpret them and ensure designs meet codes is an essential aspect of the job. 

Architectural Codes





Building Codes





Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED)





Zoning Codes



Technical Design Skills

What skills do you have in design, using programs and processes? 

Architectural Rendering





AutoCAD





Computer Aided Design (CAD)





Computer Processing





Design





Design Concepts





Design to Delivery





Drafting





Industrial Design





Model Making





Revit





Software





Specifications





Plans





Sustainable Design





Technical Vision



Building and Construction Skills

What kind of buildings and construction have you designed, in what settings? Were they new spaces or redesigning existing spaces?

Building Construction





Building Systems





Construction Administration





Construction Documents





Industrial Design





Installation





New Construction





Preservation





Project Management





Rehabilitation





Renovation





Residential





Retail



Project Management Skills

What skills have you developed and used in working on projects or leading projects?

Analysis





Budgeting





Client Relations





Collaboration





Communication





Conceptualization





Coordination





Design to Delivery





Estimating





Finance





Legal





Management





Problem Solving





Project Management





Scheduling





Seeing Big Picture Results





Solving Complex Problems





Specifications





Architectural Codes





Building Codes





Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED)





Zoning Codes



 https://www.thebalancecareers.com/architect-skills-list-2063730 

Retail Skills List and Examples

Retail Skills List and Examples



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List of Retail Skills for Resumes, Cover Letters, and Interviews

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BY ALISON DOYLE

 

Updated January 14, 2018

Retail skills are those related to selling products to consumers. Retail skills are required for a variety of retail jobs, including cashier, sales associate, retail associate, retail buyer, retail manager, retail sales, merchandiser, store manager, buyer, and more.

Someone working in retail needs a variety of hard and soft skills. They need to be good with numbers, be able to interact well with others, and be able to persuade people to make purchases.

Read below for information on skills required for most retail positions.

How to Use Skills Lists

You can use the skill words listed below as you search for jobs. For example, apply the terms in your resume, especially in the description of your work history. You can also incorporate them into your cover letter. Mention one or two of the skills mentioned here, and give specific examples of instances when you demonstrated these traits at work.

You can also use these words in your interview. Keep the top skills listed here in mind during your interview, and be prepared to give examples of how you've exemplified each. Each job will require different skills and experiences, so make sure you read the job description carefully, and focus on the skills listed by the employer. Also review our lists of skills listed by job and type of skill.

Top 8 Retail Skills

1. Attention to Detail
Retail workers need to focus on detail, whether it is making sure a customer receives exact change, items in the store are fully stocked, or the clothing on display is laid out perfectly.

An eye for detail is a critical skill when trying to attract customers to a product. Other retail skills and tasks related to an attention to detail include:

Inventory

Organization





Organizing displays





Stock checking





Stocking and restocking shelves





Time management





Visual merchandising





Window displays

2. Business Awareness
Business awareness means having an understanding of how a company or industry operates.

Retail workers need to really understand the company they work for, the products they sell, and the types of customers who purchase their products.

This kind of business skill makes strong retail employees. Other related skills necessary for retail workers are:

Acquiring a thorough knowledge of products

Awareness of trends





Business awareness





Loss prevention





Management





Marketing





Merchandise control





Merchandising





Operations





Ordering





Payroll





Product knowledge





Product rotation





Product sourcing





Purchasing





Receiving





Shipping

3. Communication
Communication skills are important for nearly every retail position. People in retail need to be able to speak with customers, buyers, other employees, and employers. Part of communication means speaking clearly and effectively with people.

Another important part of communication is listening. This is especially important when working with customers. You need to be able to listen to what a customer wants or needs and help him or her as best you can. Other important communication skills for retail workers include:

Answering customer questions

Greet customers





Communicating with other stores or buyers





Explaining products to customers





Listening to customer complaints





Order taking

4. Customer Service
Customer service skills are important for almost all retail positions. Retail associates in particular need to be positive, friendly, and helpful with customers, helping them make purchases and deal with any issues. Below are specific customer service skills needed in retail:

Customer-first mindset

Customer relations





Customer satisfaction





Customer service





Greeting customers





Listening to and solving customer complaints





Recommending products to customers

5. Information Technology (IT)
Many retail jobs will include some use of IT, so it is important that you demonstrate some skill in IT when you apply for a job in retail. You might work an electronic register or sale system as a retailer. You might also use a management information system to analyze purchasing and other consumer trends.

No matter what your job, IT will likely play an important role. IT skills needed in retail include:

Analyzing data

Assist customers with online orders





Cash registers





Cashiering





Computer skills





Point of Sale Systems (POS)

6. Interpersonal Skills
Working in retail involves constantly interacting with others, including customers, colleagues, employers, and other buyers. People in retail need to put on a friendly face, and be patient with frustrated customers. Below are specific interpersonal skills needed in retail:

Flexibility

Friendliness





Outgoing





Positive attitude





Relationship building





Team building





Teamwork

7. Numeracy
Numeracy is another important skill in retail. You need to be able to make sense of numbers in order to calculate prices, add up discounts, make change for customers, count inventory, and more. You also may need to calculate sales values, or estimate stock needed based on trends in consumer data. Related numeracy skills include:

Cash accountability

Cash handling





Cash management





Check approval





Check processing





Credit





Credit approval





Credit cards





Credit management





Inventory





Math skills





Money handling





Price markdowns





Pricing

8. Selling Skills
Of course, to be a good retailer, you need to be able to sell products. Retail workers must be persuasive and persistent with customers, convincing them that certain products are worth purchasing. They have to be able to clearly explain products, and market them to customers. Related selling skills include:

Achieve sales goals

Advising shoppers





Arranging product displays

Buying

Close outs





Convert shoppers into loyal customers





Conveying product features and benefits





Demonstrate products





Emphasizing promotional items to customers





Encouraging customers to consider accessories





Encouraging use of store credit card





Establishing a quick rapport with customers





Exceed sales goals





Explain the benefits of merchandise





Frequent shopper programs





Goal oriented





Helping Customers locate merchandies





Persistence





Persuasion





Promoting brand loyalty programs





Recommending suitable items for purchase





Sales





Suggesting alternative items when products aren't available

More Retail Skills

Retail Buyer 
In addition to the skills listed above, these are some of the skills required for a retail buyer position.

Aiding in the development of product specifications

Analyzing past product performance





Analyze results





Analyzing retail sales patterns





Assessing category trends





Assessing customer preferences





Assessing the impact of buying decisions on brand identity





Attend trade shows





Building relationships with suppliers





Collaboration with product specialists and brand teams





Conducting comparative evaluations of suppliers





Conducting visits with vendors at trade shows, market events’ and vendor facilities





Determining product carryover





Develop and track forecasts





Devising pricing strategy





Disseminating product information





Estimating appropriate quantities of items for purchase





Evaluating the competition





Evaluating the presentation of products in catalogs and websites





Fashion sense





Forecasting sales





Identifying brands





Learning and utilizing merchant data systems

Monitoring progress towards key performance indicators

Negotiating purchase agreements





Obtain quotes





Partnering with merchandise planners to control inventory





Plan promotions





Planning proper assortment of products





Product analysis





Product evaluation





Product selection





Product styling





Recommending in-season sales and liquidations





Retail mathematics





Reviewing data on item returns





Routing merchandise to retail outlets based on geography and demographics





Search for vendors





Select vendors





Selecting sampling vendors





Timing the introduction of new lines

Retail Manager
In addition to the general skills listed above, these are job specific skills required for retail manager positions

Addressing employee performance issues promptly

Analyzing sales reports





Assessing needs for staff training





Budgeting





Controlling expenses





Controlling inventory





Creating incentives for sales staff





Designing or supervising the design of store displays





Devising promotions





Ensuring adherence to corporate standards





Establishing theft prevention protocols





Evaluating employee performance





Evaluating the customer experience





Hands on management experience





Hiring





Identify talent





Implement visual guidelines





Interviewing prospective staff members





Learning and utilizing retail management software





Loss prevention





Maintaining safety standards





Maximize profitability





Maximize sales





Point of Sales (POS) systems





Profit and Loss





Promotions





Recruiting staff





Resolving customer complaints





Staff retention





Stock control



 https://www.thebalancecareers.com/list-of-retail-skills-2062476 

Construction Skills List and Examples

Construction Skills List and Examples



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BY ALISON DOYLE

 

Updated June 17, 2018

Construction can be a physically and mentally challenging career, as well as personally and financially rewarding one. Some people work construction for a brief time, perhaps to raise money for college, while others spend their entire working lives building (or demolishing) things.

Entry-level construction jobs typically have no educational requirements, though high school-level training programs can be a big help.

Some apprenticeship programs require a high school diploma or GED. To practice certain advanced skill sets, such as welding, you may need specialized training and appropriate licensure. Many construction jobs pay well.

How to Use Skills Lists

Prospective construction workers might not realize how many of the required skills they already have. Many people learn construction skills by working on their own projects at home, or by doing volunteer work with neighbors or community organizations. There are also skills that are highly relevant to construction work, such as mathematics, that you may have learned in another context and don’t realize your prospective employer wants.

While job requirements can vary a lot (be sure to read job descriptions carefully), use this list of commonly-sought-after skills to get a sense of how prepared you already are, and how far you might still need to go to get ready for your new career.

You might also want to review our list of general work skills by job and type of skill.

If you know how to do something relevant, say so. If you have specialized training or licensure (such as a CDL), say so in your application materials. Prospective employers cannot read your mind.

Examples of Construction Skills

Specific Construction Skills and Experience
Specific construction skills include bricklaying, carpentry, pouring cement, installing drywall, and the installation of specific types of equipment.

The list goes on. Be sure to tell your prospective employer which of these tasks you have experience with and how much experience you have, even if it is not directly relevant to the job you are applying for. Employers typically appreciate versatile workers who can branch out into additional tasks as needed.

Physical Skills
As a construction worker, you will not only have to be strong and dexterous; you will also have to be smart about how you use your body. Proper ergonomics, including correct lifting posture, and careful attention to safety, can prevent painful and costly accidents; career-ending injuries are not just for athletes. Bad habits can also result in repeated minor injuries that young, fit people may dismiss and ignore, but which add up to pain and disability years later. Plus, proper movement is more efficient and effective. Work smarter, not harder.

Technology and Office Skills
Construction businesses, like all other businesses, require budgeting, planning, record-keeping, and marketing to stay afloat. If you have office skills, including familiarity with word-processing, spreadsheet, and publishing software, have excellent telephone etiquette, and good organizational skills and communications skills, you can be an important asset.

Even if you spend most of your time on-site, being able to pull into the office as needed is important if the office becomes short-staffed, for whatever reason.

Management Skills
Obviously, not all construction workers need management skills or leadership skills, but having them certainly gives you more options in your career. Managing worksites, developing estimates and negotiating prices, quality control, and reaching out to prospective clients are all important skill sets for construction workers with any ambition.

Design and Planning
Whether you are designing the project yourself or following someone else’s plan, you need to know how to read a blueprint. You also need to understand design well enough that you can spot problems or mistakes; while rare, blueprints can contain errors. You might also need to make decisions about what materials to use or how to schedule different phases of the project, and a good understanding of the project’s design will be critical.

Codes and Regulations
As a construction worker, you will be subject to building codes, environmental regulations, safety codes, and labor agreements. While entry-level workers will not be responsible for enforcing those regulations, training will go more smoothly if you know the rules already. Inspectors will appreciate if you know the kinds of information they’ll need for site visits.

There is also the possibility that your employer - or your site supervisor, with or without your employer’s knowledge - could break the rules. Your own safety, and that of your client and those who live and work near your site might depend on your recognizing and responding to the problem.

List of Construction Skills

Management Skills for Construction

Review your past experience and search for skills you have developed in managing and supervising. You may have developed these skills in volunteer or unpaid jobs as well as in past employment. You may not have had the job title, but were you delegated tasks that built this experience?

Building Site Supervision

Construction Management





Construction Reports





Directing





Labor Relations





Negotiation





Networking





Project Management





Punch Lists





Quality Control





Scheduling





Supervising





Time Management

Estimating and Contracting Skills for Construction

Have you been involved in estimating or in bidding? Be sure to include these skills.

Contracting

Estimating





Identify Building Process





Identify Material Costs

Construction Phase Skills

The employer may be looking for experience and skills in specific phases of construction.

Specify in which phases you have experience.

Designing

New Construction





Building





Renovations





Repairs





Service





Demolition

Codes and Regulations

Employers look for skills in understanding and applying codes and regulations, and if you list them, you may get better consideration for positions at all levels.

Building Codes

Electrical Codes





Environmental Codes





OSHA Safety Requirements

Designing and Design Skills

Whether you are the designer or you are working with designs, be sure to include these skills.

Designing

Blueprints





Interpret Blueprint Symbols





Interpret Specifications





Read and Interpret Drawings

Inspection

These skills include acting as an inspector and being familiar with inspections and what inspectors expect.

Inspection

Inspection Principles

Job Skills Common to Construction

These keywords can show you have skills that are useful for many jobs in the construction industry.

Heavy Labor

Heavy Lifting





Labor





Manual Dexterity





Measuring





Organize Building Materials





Read and Interpret Drawings





Safety





Service





Time Management

Specific Construction Skills and Experience

Review your work history and include any skills or experience in specific jobs and professions. Even if you are applying for a different position, familiarity and skill with other positions can be a bonus for the employer.

Brick Laying

Carpentry





Cement





Concrete





Construction





Demolition





Drywall





Electrical





Finishing





Engineering





Erecting





Hazardous Materials





HVAC Work





Installation





Iron Work





Masonry





Metal Lathing





Painting





Pipe Fitting





Plumbing





Refrigeration





Rigging





Roofing





Sheet Metal Work

Steam Fitting

Surveying





Trim





Truck Driving

Tools and Equipment

What tools have you used and what equipment can you operate and maintain?

Construction Equipment

Equipment





Hand Tools





Heavy Equipment Operation





Machines





Maintenance





Operating





Power Tools





Problem Solving





Service





Technology





Tools

Technology and Office Skills

Do you have experience and skills that are useful on the business side of construction?

Computer

Customer Service





Design





Inventory





Invoicing





Monetary Exchange





Technology



 https://www.thebalancecareers.com/construction-skills-list-2062378 

Science Majors & Potential Jobs

Science Majors and Potential Jobs

by CollegeXpress and Terry Ward

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Short of being a stunt car driver, the most exciting real-life careers may just lie in the sciences. From studying the earth we live in to the skies above us, science majors and careers are all about exploration and delving into the unknown. Not to mention, many of these fields are among the most stable and lucrative available. So take a look and see what kinds of careers these common science majors lead to.

PS When you're ready to search for colleges with all kinds of science majors, go here. 

Astronomy

The major in astronomy examines the motion and nature of the sun, moon, starts, planets, and other celestial bodies. Astronomy brings to bear the knowledge of the mathematician, the chemist, and the physicist. Astronomy has evolved through recent centuries from an observational science, relying on data gathered from peering through a telescope, to an experimental science, including space exploration.

Education

Some colleges offer astronomy as an individual major. More frequently, program offerings are titled “Physics and Astronomy,” “Astronomy/Planetary Sciences,” or “Astrophysics.” This underscores the close alliance of astronomy with physics in today’s colleges and emphasizes the extensive grounding in physics required of astronomers. The plan of study consists of courses in general physics with lab, chemistry, electromagnetics, and core courses in astronomy. A close working relationship with a faculty advisor is important when pursuing a major in astronomy. Classes include physics, basic mechanics, electricity and magnetism, relativity seminar, astronomy, astrophysics, chemistry, advanced mathematics.

Possible careers

astronomer





astrophysicist





climatologist





college professor





computer science





freelance writer





government researcher





meteorologist





physicist





research scientist





secondary school teacher





museum planetarium director





technical writer



Astrophysics

Astrophysics focuses on the more theoretical aspects of astronomy and is devoted to the exploration of laws of physics that affect astronomical bodies, their relationships with one another, and the discovery of clues to the origin and development of the universe. Students will receive scientific and technological training in the space sciences, including advanced work in mathematics and physical sciences. (Not every college distinguishes between the astronomy and astrophysics majors.)

Education

The plan of study is a challenging one and suitable only for students strong in math and physics. At the undergraduate level, the focus is on the in-depth study of topics in physics, with particular emphasis on such areas as mechanics, quantum theory, electromagnetism, and electricity. This is supplemented with a heavy concentration in advanced mathematics and electives in astronomy. A B.A. degree can be offered, but B.S. is preferred, especially for students intending to pursue a Ph.D. in astrophysics.

Possible careers

astronomer





astrophysicist





climatologist





college professor





computer specialist





freelance writer





government researcher





meteorologist





physicist





research scientist





technical writer



Atmospheric Science/Meteorology

Atmospheric science covers a wide range of activities all having to do with the processes related to the Earth’s atmosphere. The atmospheric science major can sometimes be linked closely to oceanic and space studies, since these three environments interact with one another. The atmospheric scientist wants to solve problems related to weather forecasting, air pollution, the impact of the location of industrial plants and their processes, and all aspects of wind power and erosion. This is a complex field in which many people choose to go on to graduate school in their particular area of interest. Though the studies are demanding, job prospects are good for students who successfully complete an atmospheric course of study.

Education

Students will begin with introductory courses in weather and earth systems, in addition to basic work in calculus, physics, and chemistry. Further course work will center on the study of the interaction of the dynamic systems that define and impact upon the atmosphere, including more advanced course work in the student’s area of interest. In many programs, research assistantships are plentiful, in addition to the research expectations of the major. Co-op or internship opportunities may also be available or required. Classes include weather systems; forecast modeling; geophysics; physics; chemistry; atmospheric chemistry; calculus and advanced calculus; Earth systems; evolution, dynamics, and analysis; electromagnetics; and kinetics.

Possible careers

atmospheric researchers





climate researcher





environmental consultant





environmentalist





meteorologist





policy analyst





pollution control consultant





power company manager





wind power developer



Bacteriology

Bacteriology studies a branch of microbiology that concerns the examination of bacteria and their classification by type, as well as the analysis of their physiological and biochemical properties. The bacteriologist researches bacteria that are suspect in causing human disease and studies the ecological significance of bacteria in the cycle of matter.

Education

The plan of study involves research in experimental biology, molecular biology, and selected topics in the causes of human disease. It also includes ecological virus research, independent research in a particular area under the direct supervision of a faculty member, the study of cell analysis, and differentiation and development of cells.

Classes include biology with lab, biochemistry, bacteriology, microbial physiology, organic chemistry, genetics, probability and statistics, and calculus.

Possible careers

bacteriologist





biochemist





biologist





college professor





embryologist





government technician





medical sales representative





microbiologist





parasitologist





physician





researcher





textbook writer





veterinarian





zoologist



Biochemistry

Biochemistry is a major that combines the study of biology and chemistry in order to understand biological phenomena in molecular terms. The subdivisions within this field include metabolism, the study of the chemical changes through which organisms obtain energy to develop and reproduce, DNA, human physiology, and biotechnology.

Education

The plan of study requires strong preparation in biology, chemistry, and mathematics during the first two years of college. Students will also take classes in physics and psychology. Many courses will require major research projects. Given its rigor, at many colleges biochemistry is a limited-enrollment program. Classes include lab-based biology and advanced biology; general, organic, and physical chemistry; physics with lab; calculus and advanced calculus.

Possible careers

assayer





biochemist





biologist





chemist





college professor





consultant





government researcher





laboratory technician





microbiologist





pharmacist





pharmacologist





physician





research scientist





technical writer



Biology, General

Biology examines the nature, structure, function, and behavior of living organisms. Biology is inherently interdisciplinary, requiring knowledge of a variety of physical sciences and mathematics. As an undergraduate major, biology or its companion field, biological science, is appropriate preparation for the study of medicine or other health-related professions.

Education

The plan of study involves extensive work in laboratory biology, chemistry, and physics, as well as mathematics through advanced calculus. In addition, supplemental work may be included in specialized subject such as microbiology, cell biology, and plant biology, depending on the area of emphasis in which the college’s biology department is strongest. Extensive laboratory work will be required. Classes include biology and advanced biology, physical chemistry, organic chemistry, physics, calculus, advanced calculus, statistics, anatomy and physiology.

Possible careers

biologist





chemist





college professor





ecologist





health care professional





lab technician





lawyer





marine biologist





microbiologist





naturalist





physician





physicist





secondary school teacher





veterinarian





zoologist



Cell Biology/Histology/Anatomical Science

Cell biology is the science of the microscopic anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of microbial, plant, and animal cells. Topics under study include how cells respond to external stimuli, how cancer cells differ from normal cells, and how cells are structured. Sophisticated techniques of biochemistry, biophysics, microscopy (electron and optical), molecular genetics, staining, and laser beam technology are some of the tools the student uses in researching the world of the cell.

Education

Two separate plans of study, cell physiology or cell biology, are usually offered. Both require intensive course work in biology, as well as a background in such specialized areas as virology, immunology, toxicology, genetics, and cell structure and function. Expect also to take advanced courses in microscopy and anatomy. Independent research in topics of current interest will take a significant portion the junior and senior years.

Classes include biology, molecular biology, structural biology, calculus and advanced calculus, statistics, physics, botany, hematology, cell biology research, physics, organic chemistry, electron microscopy, immunology.

Possible careers

bacteriologist





biologist





cell biologist





college professor





corporate researcher





laboratory technician





parasitologist





research scientist





technical editor





technical writer



Chemistry, General

Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, and the changes which is undergoes. The study of chemistry is important in such fields as medicine, engineering, scientific research, and the environment. As an autonomous science, it is divided into several subspecialties including analytical, inorganic, organic, and physical chemistry; each is described as a major field of study elsewhere in this book.

Education

The plan of study begins with foundation courses in chemistry, physics, and advanced mathematics. At the upper-division level, students often focus on a specific concentration, culminating in supervised, independent research projects. The candidate for the B.S. degree may pursue a graduate degree in the concentration or move on to medicine, dentistry, or another health-related field. A student pursuing the B.A. in chemistry will be exposed to a more general background in the field, with a view toward secondary school teaching or careers such as law or medicine.

Possible careers

chemical engineer





chemical researcher





college professor





general chemist





geochemist





geologist





lawyer





pharmacist





physician or medical professional





teacher





technical writer



Forensic Science

The so-called “CSI” major was made popular by the several television shows of that title. However, TV has generated some misconceptions about forensic science. It is an interdisciplinary major, combining natural science with the analysis of evidence with the rules and procedures of the criminal justice system. Forensic scientists, evidence technicians, crime scene investigators, and detectives all have separate jobs. Television gives us the impression that one person does it all, from discovering vital evidence at the scene to “cracking the case.” Forensic scientists work in the laboratory and are only part of a criminal team. They perform a vital function in the criminal justice system, and they go about their business like scientists, though their lab work has direct, real-world effects. Graduate work will almost certainly be required.

Education

Students begin with work in natural and social sciences, including organic chemistry, biology, anthropology, and psychology. Students then move into study of human physiology, quantitative analysis, more chemistry, and then more specialized courses in forensic science. Some majors offer the chance for further specialization into tracks such as molecular biology, toxicology, and criminalistics. And some offer the chance for internships in the field.

Possible careers

college professor





crime scene consultant





evidentiary consultant





forensic scientist



Genetics

Genetics, a biological concentration, is the study of the chemical nature of genes, general principles governing their transmission, and mode of action of genes at the chemical level. Emphasis is placed on the study of the characteristics of inheritance, role of chromosomes in genetic inheritance, and analysis of ways to affect the process. The student also studies evolution, development, and disease in all living organisms and viruses.

Education

The plan of study begins with course work in biology, chemistry, and biochemistry. The student moves on to courses that concentrate on genetics. Time is devoted to such topics as cell biology, bacteriophages, protein secretion, kinetics, and mechanics of viral growth, chemotaxis, and DNA theory, as well as supervised independent research in current topics in genetics. Classes include biology and advanced biology, biochemistry, calculus and advanced calculus, chemistry, statistics, introduction to genetics, advanced genetics, virology, and experimental methods.

Possible careers

bacteriologist





biotechnology





college instructor





embryologist





genetic engineer





geneticist





lab assistant





medical or veterinary doctor





microbiologist





parasitologist





pathologist





research scientist





science writer





technical editor





technical writer





zoologist



Geophysics

Geophysics is the branch of earth sciences that uses the principle and technologies of physics to study the earth. It is distinguished from other earth sciences by the use of instruments to make direct or indirect measurements of parts of the Earth, as opposed to the direct examination of materials and samples more typical of specialties such as geology. Related branches of geophysics include seismology (the study of earthquakes), hydrology (the study of ground water), and aeronomy (the study of the upper atmosphere above 100 km).

Education

The plan of study begins with a solid foundation in chemistry, physics, and advanced mathematics at the lower-division level. Theoretical and applied study in seismology, earth dynamics, marine geophysics, and the Earth’s gravitational and magnetic fields occupy the upper-division years. Supervised independent research seminars in specialized topics of current interest and internship experiences complete the program. For those seeking graduate study in the field B.S. is the appropriate degree. Classes include chemistry with lab, physics with lab, calculus, applied mathematics, mineralogy, reflection seismology, solid earth geophysics, thermodynamics, and sedimentation and sedimentary rocks.

Possible careers

astrophysics





consultant





geologist





geophysicist





government scientist





petrologist





research scientist





seismologist





teacher





technical writer



Microbiology

This major is the scientific study of microscopic organisms, especially viruses, bacteria, fungi, unicellular algae, and protozoa. The use of tissue cultures is an important part of this field; they are analyzed using highly specialized techniques. The study of microbiology leads to professional research in plant, animal, and human diseases. Subspecialties in the area include industrial, agricultural, medical, and clinical microbiology, microbial genetics.

Education

The plan of study usually focuses on a concentration in general microbiology, biomedical sciences, or genetic engineering. Each requires a thorough grounding in biology, chemistry, statistics, physics, and biochemistry. Concentrated study within the specialty occupies the greater part of upper-division work, and may include opportunities for supervised research, independent study, or clinical experience in a hospital or research facility. Classes include medical microbiology, calculus, advanced calculus, recombinant DNA, cellular immunology, hematology, microbial physiology, botany, virology, genetics, biochemistry, organic and inorganic chemistry, biology, and advanced biology.

Possible careers

bacteriologist





college instructor





embryologist





hematologist





lecturer





microbiologist





physician





research scientist





research technician





technical writer





veterinarian





zoologist



Neuroscience

This major examines the neurological systems of human and animal organisms and the relationships of those systems with each other and with the central nervous system. Neuroscience is an interdisciplinary endeavor that draws upon several scientific disciplines, including molecular biology, biophysics, computational science, and engineering. This is a research-oriented major and is, therefore, excellent preparation for graduate programs in neuroscience, biology, or psychology, or for medical school. It is a ground-breaking field replete with opportunities for students who can meet its considerable demands.

Education

The plan of study focuses on basic biological sciences in the lower division. In the upper division, courses study the major systems that interact with the central nervous system within the human/animal organism. Students ordinarily elect to specialize in one system and, during the senior year, conduct supervised research on the area of interest. Classes include biology, organic chemistry, and physics with lab, calculus, differential geometry, neurobiology, introduction to psychology, anatomy and physiology, neuron growth, and neurotransmission.

Possible careers

anatomist





biomedical engineer





college instructor





geneticist





lab technician





neurologist





neuroscientist





physician





research scientist





surgeon





technical writer





veterinarian



Physics, General

Physics is the study of the way the natural world works. Its approach is essentially experimental and mathematical, seeking to understand a wide variety of phenomena as operating from a small number of basic principles. Physics encompasses knowledge of the fields of chemistry and biology, as well as a deep appreciation of mathematics. Physicists explore mechanics, sound, electricity, magnetism, optics, heat, quantum theory, and the exchange of energy. There are many directions to take a physics major, including research and development in the industry, theoretical and academic work at the college or university level, and secondary school teaching, where there is a chronic shortage of teachers of this subject. Strong aptitude in mathematics is necessary for this major.

Education

Programs of study provide several alternatives. The B.S. in physics is the key to graduate study, leading to the Ph.D. or, in combination with a mathematics emphasis, toward an engineering/physics or a mathematics/physics dual major. Some colleges offer a B.A. in physics, combining course work with secondary teaching certification. The plan of study requires courses in mechanics, atomic physics, kinetics, calculus, and computer science. Physics is becoming more and more interdisciplinary in approach, and is overlapping more and more with chemistry, biology, and engineering. Classes include physics, elementary and advanced mechanics, calculus, linear algebra, optica, electronics, thermal physics, electrodynamics, experimental physics, and quantum theory.

Possible careers

astrophysicist





biochemist





biologist





chemist





computer programmer





financial analyst





health physicist





health physicist assayer





laboratory technician





nuclear medical technician





secondary school teacher





statistician

 https://www.collegexpress.com/interests/science-and-engineering/articles/studying-sciences/science-majors-and-potential-jobs/ 

Administrative Skills List and Examples

Administrative Skills List and Examples

Distants to secretaries to office managers. Employees in nearly every industry and company need strong administrative skills.

Below is a list of the top five most important administrative skills, which include lists of related administrative skills employers seek in job candidates.

Develop these skills and emphasize them in job applications, resumes, cover letters, and interviews. The closer a match your credentials are to what the employer is looking for, the better your chances of getting hired.

How to Use Skills Lists

You can use these skills lists throughout your job search process. Firstly, you can use these skill words in your resume. In the description of your work history, particularly, you might want to use some of these keywords.

Secondly, you can use these in your cover letter. In the body of your letter, you can mention one or two of these skills, and give specific examples of a time when you demonstrated these skills at work.

Finally, you can use these skill words in your interview. Make sure you have at least one example for a time you demonstrated each of the top five skills listed here.

Of course, each job will require different skills and experiences, so make sure you read the job description carefully, and focus on the skills listed by the employer.

Also review our lists of skills listed by job and type of skill.

Examples of Administrative Skills

Communication Skills
Communication is a critical administrative soft skill. Administrative employees often have to interact with employers, staff, and clients, either in person or on the phone. It is important that they speak clearly and loudly, maintaining a positive tone.

Being a good communicator also means being a good listener. You need to listen carefully to clients’ questions and concerns.

Written communication skills are also extremely important. Most administrative positions involve a lot of writing. Administrative employees might write memos for their employers, write material for the company website, or communicate with people via email. They must be able to write clearly, accurately, and professionally.

Answering Telephones

Business Correspondence





Calling Clients





Client Relations





Communication





Correspondence





Customer Service





Directing Clients





Editing





Email





Filing





Greeting Clients





Greeting Employees





Greeting Visitors





Interpersonal





Listening





Oral Communication





Presentation





Public Relations





Public Speaking





Receptionist





Stenography





Teamwork





Writing





Written Communication

Technology Skills 
Administrative employees have to operate a variety of technological tools, ranging from Microsoft Office Suite to WordPress to online scheduling programs. They also have to use, and often maintain, office equipment such as faxes, scanners, and printers.

Computer

Desktop Publishing





Document Management





Faxing





Internet





Maintaining Office Records





Microsoft Office





Office Equipment





Ordering Office Supplies

Order Processing

Outlook





QuickBooks





Record Keeping





Research





Running Office Machines





Software





Spreadsheets





Time & Billing





Transcription





Typing





Typing from Dictation





Videoconference Preparation





Voicemail





Word Processing

Organization
Administrative jobs of all kinds require strong organizational skills. Being organized allows an administrative employee to juggle their many tasks. They have to manage various calendars, schedule appointments, and keep the office orderly.

Accuracy

Appointment Setting





Attention to Detail





Billing





Bookkeeping





Calendar & Docketing





Clerical





Efficiency





Filing





Inventory





Legal Familiarity





Multi-Tasking





Office Administration





Office Management





Sorting and Delivering Mail





Time Management





Travel Arrangements

Planning
Another important administrative skill is being able to plan and schedule things in advance.

This might mean managing someone’s appointments, creating a plan for when employees are sick, or developing office procedural plans. An administrator needs to be able to be able to plan ahead and prepare for any potential office issues.

Event Coordination

Making Appointments





Meeting Planning





Prioritizing

Problem Solving Skills
Problem solving, or critical thinking skills, are important for any administrative position. These are often the people that staff and clients come to with questions or problems. Administrators must be able to hear a variety of problems and solve them using critical thinking.

Supervising

Employee Relations





Client Relations





Mediation





Issue Resolution





Training

By developing your skill sets in each of these top five areas, you’ll maximize your chances of landing – and retaining – a rewarding administrative position.

 https://www.thebalancecareers.om/administrative-skills-list-2062350 

Photography Skills List and Examples

Photography Skills List and Examples



•••

List of Photography Skills for Resumes, Cover Letters and Interviews

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BY ALISON DOYLE

 

Updated July 09, 2018

Photography can be an art, a hobby, or just a way of documenting your own life. For some, photography can also be a career. Professional photographers work in a variety of fields, from advertising to journalism. They can also work independently, doing portraiture or creating and selling prints for display.

You don’t need a special degree to become a professional photographer, though an art degree can certainly help you hone your skill.

The very fact that anyone with a camera can take pictures means you’ll have to be exceptional in some way or another to be noticed. One way to stand out when applying for jobs is to emphasize that you have skills that employers are looking for in a photographer.

How to Apply for Photography Jobs

When applying for jobs, most photographers develop a portfolio – a collection of your photographs – that you can share with potential employers and clients in order to demonstrate your style and range. After all, your value as a photographer ultimately depends not on your history or on your equipment but on the type and quality of the images you can produce.

While skill words are not necessary for your portfolio, you can include skill words in your other job materials. For example, in your resume, include some of the most important photography skill words in your resume summary and your “Experience” section.

You might also create a “Skills” section on your resume, and list some of your key photography skills there. You might also list the photographic equipment and software you are familiar with.

When submitting a cover letter, you can select one or two key skills and provide examples of how you have demonstrated those skills at work in the past.

For example, you might talk about how you took a course on a particular photography software, and explain how you have mastered it and used it professionally.

In interviews, you can also mention some of the key photography skills you have, and provide anecdotes about times you used each of these skills at work.

Of course, keep in mind that every job requires unique skills. Therefore, review the job posting to see what the employer is seeking in applicants. Try to emphasize those skills in your job materials.

If you are working freelance and are looking for clients, much of your work may come through networking, and you might not submit formal application materials very often. If you are seeking a more traditional job, however, you will likely need to compile job materials and prepare for an interview. In this case, knowing the top photography skills will come in very handy.

Top 5 Photography Skills

Understanding Hardware and Software

To be a successful photographer these days, you need to know the latest technologies – this includes both hardware and software. Hardware, in this case, refers to cameras, lenses, tripods, lights, and all the other physical equipment a photographer might use.

Some of that equipment is extremely complicated. Just as an aspiring poet must first be fluent in the language he or she uses for composition, so must you become fluent in the functioning of the tools you use, as well as in optics and the technical aspects of why different procedures create the types of images that they do. It is possible to create great pictures by pointing and shooting, but you will have more control and more options the more you know.

In a similar way, you must be familiar with visual editing software. Now that digital photography has become standard, the work that used to be done in the darkroom is typically accomplished on the computer. There are many different software packages to choose from. Learn enough to pick your favorite, and then master its possibilities.

Related Keywords:

Digital imaging

Editing software

Electronic image handling

Film development





High-resolution imaging





Image manipulation

ISO speeds

Lenses





Printing





Resizing





Shooting film

Composition
Composition is the artistic dimension of photography, knowing how you want the image to look. Although one aspect of composition is simply the photographer’s taste and creativity as an artist, you do have to learn how to think deliberately and intelligently about what looks good in a frame and why. There are certain universal principles that you should learn, rather than having to reinvent them through trial and error.

Related Keywords:

Artistic ability

Balance





Color





Creativity





Design





Form





Formatting





Good eyesight

Lighting

Patterns

Shape

Business Skills

While not all photographers work independently, many do. Working as a freelancer or selling prints requires you to be your own business manager. You must handle everything from marketing to payroll, and you must know how to speak with potential clients or customers.

Related Keywords:

Accounting

Communication





Customer service





Entrepreneurial





Flexibility





Interpersonal





Marketing





Media





Networking





Payroll





Sales





Self-Confidence

Legal Knowledge

You will also need a basic knowledge of legal issues surrounding photography. As a photographer, most of your work will involve subject matter that actually belongs to other people – their likenesses, or the likenesses of their property. You’ll also be creating intellectual property of your own. To avoid misusing others’ property or having your own images stolen, you’ll need a basic familiarity with relevant law.

Related Keywords:

Able to read and understand contracts

Basic understanding of copyright law





Close reading





Critical thinking





Understanding of intellectual property





Understand of rights and responsibilities as a freelancer

Attention to Detail

Photographers need to have a good attention to detail when taking photographs – they need to be able to capture light and color, and think carefully about all components of each image. However, they also need to be detailed in postproduction. They must identify and fix any small issues in each photograph.

Photographers must also be organized. They must be able to manage thousands of photographs digitally and/or in print, and maintain the specific images for each client.

Related Keywords:

Archiving

Cataloging

Detail-oriented

Organization





Patience





Preservation





Retouching



 https://www.thebalancecarers.com/photography-skills-list-2062455